Bent Pyramid
Description: The Rhomboidal Pyramid or the Bent Pyramid is one of the most unusual and remarkable monuments of Egypt. It stands out among other pyramids because of its unique rhombus-shaped form and almost perfectly preserved casing stones. It has two entrances, two funeral chambers, and there is a double slope of its outer faces - these extraordinary characteristics allow calling it “The Double Pyramid”. Because of the rare features, it establishes some kind of mathematical perfection and attracts the researchers from various fields of study. However, so far there is no generally shared idea among scientists why the Bent Pyramid is shaped that way.Alternative names: Rhomboidal Pyramid,Blunt Pyramid,False Pyramid,Southern Pyramid of Dahshur,Double-Sloping Pyramid.
Lepsius No: 56
Type: Bent Pyramid
Location: Dahshur
Country: Egypt
Books
- Arnold, Dieter. The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2003.
- Batrawi, A. "The Pyramid Studies. Anatomical Reports 1948. A Small Mummy from the Pyramid of Dahshur". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 48, Le Caire, 1948, pp. 585-598.
- Bonani, Georges, and Herbert Haas, Zahi Hawass, Mark Lehner, Shawki Nakhla, John Nolan, Robert Wenke, Willy Wölfli. Radiocarbon Dates of Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments in Egypt. Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment. RADIOCARBON, Vol 43, Nr 3, Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, 2001, pp. 1297-1320.
- Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. Reprinted 2001.
- Dash, Glen. "Occam’s Egyptian Razor: The Equinox and the Alignment of the Pyramids". The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vol II. 2017, pp. 1-8.
- Dormion, G., and J.-Y. Verd’hurt. La chambre de Snéfrou. Analyse architecturale de la pyramide rhomboïdale. Actes Sud, Arles, 2016.
- Dorner, Josef. “Form and Ausmasse der Knickpyramide. Neue Beobachtungen und Messungen”. MDAIK 42, 1986, pp. 43-58.
- Edwards, I.E.S. The Pyramids of Egypt. The Viking Press, Inc., New York, 1972.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. "The Excavation of Snefru’s Monuments at Dahshur. Second Preliminary Report". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 52, Le Caire, 1952, pp. 563-594.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. The Monuments of Snefru at Dahshur, Vol II. The Valley Temple, Part II. The Finds. General Organization for Government Printing Offices, Cairo, 1961.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. The Monuments of Snefru at Dahshur, Vol II. The Valley Temple, Part I. The Temple Reliefs. General Organization for Government Printing Offices, Cairo, 1961.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. The Monuments of Snefru at Dahshur, Vol I. The Bent Pyramid. General Organization for Government Printing Offices, Cairo, 1959.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. The Pyramids. Chicago, University of Chicago, 1961.
- Fakhry, Ahmed. "The Southern Pyramid of Snefru". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 51, Le Caire, 1951, pp. 509-522.
- Gundacker, Roman. "Zur Struktur der Pyramidennamen der 4.Dynastie." Sokar No. 18 (1/2009), pp. 26-30.
- Haase, M. "Im Inneren der Knick-Pyramide", Sokar 14, 2007.
- Hamilton, Keith. Great Pits versus Shafts and Tunnels. Internet Resource, 2019.
- Hamilton, Keith. The Bent Pyramid. Part I. A Layman's Guide. Internet Resource, 2017.
- Hamilton, Keith. The Bent Pyramid. Part II. A Layman's Guide. Internet Resource, 2017.
- Hamilton, Keith. The Bent Pyramid. The curious case of the 60 degree pyramid. Internet Resource, 2017.
- Irigaray, Christian. The Pyramids of Sneferu. Internet Resource, Montevideo, 2020.
- Iskander, Zaky. "Desert Varnish and Mortar of the Rhomboidal Pyramid at Dahshur". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 52, Le Caire, 1952, pp. 271-274.
- Klemm, Dietrich, and Rosemarie Klemm. The Stones of the Pyramids: Provenance of the Building Stones of the Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2010.
- Legon, John A.R. "The Geometry of the Bent Pyramid". Gottinger Miszellen 116, 1990, pp. 65-72.
- Legon, John A.R. "The Problem of the Bent Pyramid". Gottinger Miszellen 130, 1992, pp. 49-56.
- Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997. Reprinted 2001.
- Maragioglio, Vito and Celeste Ambrogio Rinaldi. L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Parte III. Il Complesso di Meydum, la Piramide Doppia Pendenza e la Piramide Settentrionale in Pietra di Dahsciur. Tavole. Tipografia Canessa: Rapallo, 1964.
- Maragioglio, Vito and Celeste Ambrogio Rinaldi. L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Parte III. Il Complesso di Meydum, la Piramide Doppia Pendenza e la Piramide Settentrionale in Pietra di Dahsciur. Testo. Tipografia Canessa: Rapallo, 1964.
- Mendelssohn, Kurt. The Riddle of the Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1974.
- Monnier, Franck, and Alexander Puchkov. "Enquête dans la pyramide rhomboïdale: une curieuse chambre funéraire". Pharaon Magazine No. 28 (Janvier-Mars 2017), pp. 59-64.
- Monnier, Franck, and Alexander Puchkov. "The Construction Phases of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur. A Reassessment.", ENiM 9, 2016, pp. 15-36.
- Monnier, Franck and David Lightbody. The Great Pyramid: 2590 BC onwards - An insight into the construction, meaning and exploration of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Operations Manual). Haynes Publishing, Yeovil, 2019.
- Monnier, Franck, and François Pomès. "La pyramide Rhomboïdale de Dahchour. Dernières révélations", Archéologia No. 580 (Octobre 2019), pp. 54-59.
- Monnier, Franck. "A new survey of the upper chambers of Snefru’s pyramids at Dahshur". The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vol IV. 2020, pp. 1-17.
- Monnier, Franck. "Gilles Dormion et Jean-Yves Verd’hurt, La chambre de Snéfrou - reviewed by Franck Monnier". The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vol II. 2017, pp. 83-89.
- Monnier, Franck. "New light on the architecture of the Bent Pyramid". Nile No. 20 (June-July 2019), pp. 47-52.
- Monnier, Franck. "The satellite pyramid of Meidum and the problem of the pyramids attributed to Snefru". The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vol III, 2018, pp. 1-23.
- Mustapha, Hassan. "The Surveying of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 52, Le Caire, 1952, pp. 595-602.
- Nuzzolo, Massimiliano. "The Bent Pyramid of Snefru at Dahshur. A project failure or an intentional architectural framework?". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Band 44, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg, 2015, pp. 259-282.
- Perring, John Shae. The Pyramids to the Southward of Gizeh and at Abou Roash: also Campbell's Tomb, and a Section of the Rock at Gizeh: from actual survey and admeasurement. Part III. James Frazer and John Weale, London, 1842.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. A Season in Egypt 1887. London: Field & Tuer "The Leadenhall Press", 1888.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. London: Field & Tuer "The Leadenhall Press", 1883.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. New and Revised Edition. London: Histories & Mysteries of Man Ltd., 1990 (1st ed. London: Field and Tuer, 1883).
- Pickavance, Kathleen M. "The Pyramids of Snofru at Dahshûr: Three Seventeenth-Century Travellers". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 67, The Egypt Exploration Society, London, 1981, pp. 136-142.
- Reisner, George A. The Development of the Egyptian Tomb down to the accession of Cheops. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1936.
- Ricke, Herbert. "Baugeschichtlicher Vorbericht über die Kultanlagen der Südlichen Pyramide des Snofru in Dahschur". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 52, Le Caire, 1952, pp. 603-623.
- Rigano, Charles. "New Perspectives on the Interior of the Bent Pyramid". The Ostracon. Volume 13, No. 1, Egyptian Study Society, Denver, 2002, pp. 2-7.
- Scan Pyramids. Muons Detectors plates installed at Bent Pyramid and under sensitivity calibration in Khufu’s Pyramid. Press Release, Cairo (December 17, 2015).
- Scan Pyramids. Results from the first measurements campaign in the Bent Pyramid. Press Release, Cairo, (April 27, 2016).
- Varille, Alexandre. "À propos des pyramides de Snéfrou", Schindler, Le Caire, 1947, pp. 3-17.
- Vercoutter, Jean. L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil, des origines à la fin de l'ancien empire 12000-2000 Av. J.-C. Nouvelle Clio, PUF, Paris, 1992.
- Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Archeology and History of Egypt's Iconic Monuments. New and Updated Edition. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2020.
- Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids. The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. London: Atlantic Books, 2001.
- Vyse, Colonel Howard, and Perring, John Shae. Appendix to Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837. Vol III, Moyes and Barclay, London, 1842.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2000.
- Williams, Garnons P. A. J. "In the Heart of a Dahshur Pyramid: Recent Investigations which may lead to the Discovery of an Intact Royal Tomb", The Illustrated London News, March 22, 1947, pp. 303-305.
- Williams, Garnons P. A. J. "Revolutionary discoveries which identify two Dahshur Pyramids", The Illustrated London News, April 5, 1947, p. 344.
- Пучков, Александр. Комплекс Ломаной пирамиды. Новые наблюдения. Internet Resource, 2014.
Articles
Videos
- Pyramides: Les Mystères Révélés. "Dahchour, l'incroyable découverte", Saison 1, Épisode 5. Label News for RMC Découverte and Science & Vie TV, 2018.
- Time Scanners. "Egyptian Pyramids", Season 1, Series 1. Atlantic Productions, 2014.
