Pyramid of Khafre
Description: While the Pyramid of Khafre is only a few meters lower than the Great Pyramid it is as good as the latter one. Despite the fact that the Pyramid of Khafre is located in the middle of the Giza Plateau it has not been well researched yet. We know that inside the Great Pyramid a few rooms and passages have been discovered, however, all rooms inside the Pyramid of Khafre are located below its base level. All the attempts to find any chambers in the pyramid’s masonry have ended in failure. But could it be possible, that this huge monument is just a "pile of stones"? The Pyramid of Khafre, together with the Great Sphinx of Giza, and the standing structures of the temples could give us the full understanding of the ancient pyramid complex. Alternative names: Second Pyramid,Pyramid of Chephren (Khefren)
Lepsius No: 8
Type: True Pyramid
Location: Giza Plateau
Country: Egypt
Books
- Ain Shams University, Stanford Research Institute. Electromagnetic Sounder Experiments at the Pyramids of Giza. 1974.
- Alwarez L.W., Andreson J.A. "Search for Hidden Chambers in the Pyramids". Science, New Series, Volume 167, Issue 3919, American Association for the Advancement of Science, (Feb.6) 1970, pp. 832-839.
- Arnold, Dieter. The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2003.
- Bauval, Robert and Adrian Gilbert. The Orion Mystery: Unlocking the Secrets of the Pyramids. Three Rivers Press, New York, 1994.
- Becker, Jürgen. "Die Chephren-Pyramide. Planänderung des Baukörpers und ihre Auswirkung auf das Kammersystem." Sokar 8 (1. Halbjahr 2004), pp. 6-17.
- Belzoni, Giovanni Battista. Narrative of the operations and recent discoveries within the pyramids, temples, tombs, and excavations, in Egypt and Nubia; and of a journey to the coast of the Red Sea, in search of the ancient Berenice, and of another to the oasis of Jupiter Ammon. John Murray, London,1820.
- Bonani, Georges, and Herbert Haas, Zahi Hawass, Mark Lehner, Shawki Nakhla, John Nolan, Robert Wenke, Willy Wölfli. Radiocarbon Dates of Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments in Egypt. Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment. RADIOCARBON, Vol 43, Nr 3, Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, 2001, pp. 1297-1320.
- Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. Reprinted 2001.
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- Dash, Glen. "Occam’s Egyptian Razor: The Equinox and the Alignment of the Pyramids". The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vol II. 2017, pp. 1-8.
- Dormion, G., and J.-Y. Verd’hurt. La chambre de Khephren. Analyse architecturale. Actes Sud, Arles, 2018.
- Edwards, I.E.S. "The Air-Channels of Chephren's Pyramid." In William Kelly Simpson and Whitney M. Davis, eds. Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan: Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, June 1, 1980, pp. 55-57.
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- El-Naggar, Salah. "Les couvrements de granit dans les pyramides de Giza". In Peter Jánosi, ed. Structure and Significance: Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 2005, pp. 429-438.
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- Greaves, John. Miscellaneous works of Mr. John Greaves, Vol. I-II. Published by Dr Thomas Birch. J. Hughes for J. Brindley and C. Corbett, London, 1737.
- Gundacker, Roman. "Zur Struktur der Pyramidennamen der 4.Dynastie." Sokar No. 18 (1/2009), pp. 26-30.
- Hafeez, Abd el-Al. "An Enigmatic Wooden Object discovered beside the southern side of the Giza Second Pyramid". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 62, Le Caire. 1977, pp. 103-120.
- Hamilton, Keith. The Minor Pyramids of Giza. Part 1. GII-a, GI-d. A Layman's Guide. Internet Resource, 2021.
- Herodotus. The History of Herodotus. Books I-IV. Volume 1. Translated Into English by G. C. Macaulay. Macmillan & Co., London, 1890.
- Hölscher, Uvo. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Chephren. Veröffentlichungen der Ernst von Sieglin Expedition in Ägypten 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1912.
- Klemm, Dietrich, and Rosemarie Klemm. The Stones of the Pyramids: Provenance of the Building Stones of the Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2010.
- Lehner, Mark, and Peter Lacovara. "An Enigmatic Object Explained." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 71 (1985), pp. 169-174.
- Lehner, Mark and Zahi Hawass. Giza and the Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2017.
- Lehner, Mark. "Giza. A Contextual Approach to the Pyramids." Archiv für Orientforschung 32 (1985), pp. 136-158.
- Lehner, Mark. "Some Observations on the Layout of the Khufu and Khafre Pyramids". JARCE Vol XX. 1983, pp. 7-25.
- Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. Solving the Ancient Mysteries. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997. Reprinted 2001.
- Lehner, Mark. "The Development of the Giza Necropolis. The Khufu Project." Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 41 (1985), pp. 109-143.
- Maragioglio, Vito and Celeste Ambrogio Rinaldi. L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Parte V. Le Piramidi di Zedefra e di Chefren. Tavole. Tipografia Canessa: Rapallo, 1966.
- Maragioglio, Vito and Celeste Ambrogio Rinaldi. L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Parte V. Le Piramidi di Zedefra e di Chefren. Testo. Tipografia Canessa: Rapallo, 1966.
- Maspero, Gaston. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria. Vol. 2. London: William Clowes and Sons, Limited, 1903.
- Mendelssohn, Kurt. The Riddle of the Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1974.
- Messiha, Hishmat. "An Enigmatic Wooden Object of the Giza Second Pyramid". Annales du service des antiquités de lÉgypte. Vol 67, Le Caire, 1988, pp. 115-118.
- Perring, John Shae. The Pyramids of Gizeh, from actual survey and admeasurement, by J. S. Perring. Part II. The Second and Third Pyramids, the Three Smaller to the Southward of the Third, and the Three to the Eastward of the Great Pyramid. James Frazer, London, 1840.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. London: Field & Tuer "The Leadenhall Press", 1883.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. New and Revised Edition. London: Histories & Mysteries of Man Ltd., 1990 (1st ed. London: Field and Tuer, 1883).
- Raynaud S., Boisse H., Makroum F.M., Bertho J. Geological and Geomorphological study of the original hill at the base of Fourth Dynasty Egyptian monuments. HAL, 2008.
- Szabó, Andrián. Architectural Visualization of the Pyramid of Khafre and Its Complex. Internet Resource, 2023.
- Szabó, Andrián. The Pyramid of Khafre. Timeline of Archeological Exploration. Internet Resource, 2023.
- Vercoutter, Jean. L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil, des origines à la fin de l'ancien empire 12000-2000 Av. J.-C. Nouvelle Clio, PUF, Paris, 1992.
- Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Archeology and History of Egypt's Iconic Monuments. New and Updated Edition. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2020.
- Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids. The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. London: Atlantic Books, 2001.
- Vyse, Colonel Howard. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837. Vol II, Moyes and Barclay, London, 1840.
- Vyse, Colonel Howard. Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837. Vol I, Moyes and Barclay, London, 1840.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2000.
- Барсуков П.О., Файнберг Э.Б. Электромагнитные зондирования Плато Гиза (Египет). Центр Геоэлектромагнитных Исследований Института Физики Земли РАН, Москва, 1994.
- Результаты анализов проб ожелезненных пород из “ладейных ям” Пирамиды Хефрена.
Articles
Videos
- Pyramides: Les Mystères Révélés. "Gizeh, les derniers secrets", Saison 1, Épisode 4. Label News for RMC Découverte and Science & Vie TV, 2018.
