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Red Pyramid

Description: 'The Shining Pyramid' is the variant of translation of the Pyramid’s name suggested by Mark Lehner, a famous American Egyptologist. It is the largest one of the pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis. The other name is the Red Pyramid, which comes from the reddish-coloured limestone as the main building material. The Red Pyramid has the least angle of slope among other pyramids in Egypt. It is very similar to the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau, not only on the outside, but in terms of internal features as well. The similarity comes with the perfectly smooth-sided walls, passages and chambers, with the unique geometry standards, and enormous roofing blocks. Also, the chamber’s corbelled vaulting looks similar to the Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid. We cannot say for sure if it might be a burial site or not. The mummified body of the Pharaoh, sarcophagus, or any funeral offerings have never been found inside the Pyramid.
Alternative names: the Pink Pyramid,the North Pyramid of Dahshur,the Pointed (Sharp-Tipped) Pyramid (from Arabic "Haram Mesinee"),the Great Pyramid of Dahshur,the Pyramid of Bats,the Pyramid of the Chain.
Lepsius No: 49
Type: True Pyramid
Location: Dahshur
Country: Egypt

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Builder (Owner)
Snefru
Snefru
Sneferu
Snofru
Snofru
Snofru
Snefru
Chronological Dating
Dynasty IV.
2630-2609 BCE.
2575-2551 BCE.
Dynasty IV.
Pyramid Name
Translation: "The Shining Pyramid".
Translation: 'Snofru's Northern Shining'.
Translation: "Sneferu Shines".
The first ancient name of the Pyramid, more likely, got such meaning as "Sneferu shines".
Additional Data
In around his 30th year of reign, Sneferu abandoned the construction of the Bent Pyramid as his burial place, although he later completed it like the one at Meidum. Instead, he began to work on the Northern (Red) Pyramid.

Complex Location
The East Side of Pyramid
The East Side of Pyramid
Upper Temple
Height
???
Length
???
Width
???
Building Material
???
Additional Data
Only the small part of the mortuary temple has been preserved. The central area of the temple consisted of the ritual burial with "false door" made of pink granite; merely the fragment of the door was found. During the excavations at the temple, Rainer Stadelmann found the limestone relief showing pharaoh Sneferu wearing the robe of the Sed-festival.
The funerary temple of the Northern Pyramid was destroyed with little or no traces at ground level. R.Stadelmann managed to reconstruct the plan of the temple from the scant remains. On either side of the inner sanctuary was a stone chapel that may have contained a "false door". To the north and south of the temple, circular nests in the soil have been preserved in the courtyards for potted plants or burial offerings.
Lower Temple
Height
???
Length
???
Width
???
Building Material
???
Additional Data
The rudimentary remains of the valley temple existed at the end of the last century, but have never been systematically excavated. The absence of a causeway the two temples, perhaps, is another evidence of the hasty completion of the construction of the Northern Pyramid, which, according to R.Stadelmann, was the last resting place of Sneferu.
Causeway
Height
???
Length
???
Width
???
Building Material
???
Additional Data
The causeway was not completed.
Several possible traces have been found east of the upper temple, but a significant causeway does not appear to have been built down to the valley temple.
Enclosure Wall
Height
???
Length North Side
???
Length South Side
???
Length West Side
???
Length East Side
???
Width
???
Building Material
???
Additional Data
All around the Pyramid, there are remains of the rectangular-shaped enclosure wall, oriented from east to west.
Satellite Pyramids
Quantity
???
Location
???
Additional Data
There are no signs of a satellite pyramid.
Boat Pits
Quantity
???
Location
???
Additional Data
???
Additional Information about the Pyramid Complex
Near the Pyramid are the remains of two ramps that connected the quarry to the southwestern corner of the Pyramid. According to R.Stadelmann, the construction began on the west side and then continued on all four sides with shorter ramps. When a height of about 25 meters was reached, all the ramps were dismantled, except for one on each side. After another 50 meters were built, they were also finally demolished.

Height
104.0 m
105.0 m
104.0 m
99.0 m
104.42 m
Base side length
North Side
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
219.28 m
South Side
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
219.28 m
West Side
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
219.28 m
East Side
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
220.0 m
219.28 m
Azimuth
North Side
???
South Side
???
West Side
???
East Side
-0.14 °
Angle of slope
45.0 °
44.6 °
43.6 °
43.37 °
43.6 °
43.67 °
Number of stone courses
???
Structural Features
???
Pyramid Base
48400.0 m2
Volume
1694000.0 m3
1694000.0 m3
Weight
2964500.0 ton
Main Building Material
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Additional Data
The Pyramid sides were slightly concave and rough. The concave shape of the edges was designed to increase the stability of the casing.
The North (Red) Pyramid was built on a limestone platform.
Pyramidion
Base side length
1.57 m
Height
1.0 m
Angle of slope
45.0 °
Material
Limestone
Limestone
Additional Data
The angle of slope of the pyramidion is different from the one of the Red Pyramid. The difference led Corinna Rossia to the suggestion that the pyramidion did not belong to the Red Pyramid, but it was meant to be on the top of the Sneferu's Bent Pyramid. However, when the third, and the last version of the pyramid made it useless, the pyramidion was left behind.
The pyramidion was found close to the Red Pyramid at 1982 by the representatives of the German Archaeological Institute led by Egyptologist Rainer Stadelmann.

Entrance
Location
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
The North Side of Pyramid
Entrance location above ground level
28.0 m
28.0 m
28.65 m
Additional Data
The entrance is 3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) east of the central axis of the Pyramid.
The entrance is located approximately 4 m east of the central axis on the north side of the Pyramid.
Descending corridor
Height
1.16 m
1.21 m
1.21 m
Length
62.63 m
58.82 m
60.0 m
62.64 m
Width
1.05 m
1.05 m
1.05 m
Angle of slope
27.93 °
28.0 °
27.93 °
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Limestone
Additional Data
At the point where it reaches the base level of the Pyramid, the descending corridor becomes horizontal and opens into the so-called hallway (antechamber).
Portcullis
Quantity
???
Location
???
Description
???
Material
???
Additional Data
???
Burial chamber
Height
14.67 m
15.0 m
14.67 m
14.66 m
13.68 m
Length
8.35 m
9.3 m
7.55 m
8.32 m
Width
4.18 m
4.05 m
4.18 m
7.15 m
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Type of Ceiling
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Number of steps
14.0
14.0
13.0
Height to 1st step
3.69 m
3.68 m
Height of the 1st step
???
Height of the 2nd step
???
Height of the 3rd step
???
Height of the 4th step
???
Height of the 5th step
???
Height of the 6th step
???
Height of the 7th step
???
Height of the 8th step
???
Height of the 9th step
???
Height of the 10th step
???
Height of the 11th step
???
Height of the 12th step
???
Height of the 13th step
???
Height of the 14th step
???
Width of the steps
???
Additional Data
In 2018, with the permission of the Egyptian Government, the French company Iconem carried out a photogrammetric survey of the inner chambers of the Pyramid. In their study the researchers could ascertain that there were 13 corbels inside the chamber, not 14 as was previously thought. The Pyramid’s chamber height data received from the previous study and stating 14.67 m, turned out to be wrong as well. According to the new data, the height is about 13.68 m (±5 cm).
The entrance to the burial chamber is located in the southern wall of chamber No.2, about eight metres above the floor. Unlike the hallway, which is oriented from north to south, the burial chamber is oriented from east to west. Here for the first time, the burial chamber was aligned with the orientation of the Pyramid complex as a whole. Later, the burial chamber was damaged when thieves broke off several blocks from the floor, and the walls and ceiling blackened with soot from fires and torches.
Sarcophagus
External dimensions. Height
???
External dimensions. Length
???
External dimensions. Width
???
Internal dimensions. Height
???
Internal dimensions. Length
???
Internal dimensions. Width
???
Sarcophagus lid. Height
???
Sarcophagus lid. Length
???
Sarcophagus lid. Width
???
Material
???
Additional Data
???
Additional Data
Above each entrance in chamber No.1 and in chamber No.2 is the largest monolithic block. The height of this block is 2.21 m (87 in).

Horizontal corridor No.1.
Height
1.2 m
1.36 m
1.35 m
Length
7.0 m
7.42 m
7.43 m
Width
1.05 m
1.05 m
1.05 m
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Additional Data
The corridor enters into chamber No.1. Located 2.6 m away from the western wall at floor level.
Chamber No.1.
Height
12.31 m
12.0 m
12.31 m
12.31 m
Length
8.36 m
9.3 m
8.36 m
8.37 m
8.34 m
Width
3.64 m
3.6 m
3.65 m
3.63 m
3.63 m
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Type of Ceiling
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Number of steps
11.0
11.0
11.0
Height to 1st step
3.57 m
3.57 m
Height of the 1st step
0.91 m
0.9 m
Height of the 2nd step
0.91 m
0.81 m
Height of the 3rd step
0.76 m
Height of the 4th step
???
Height of the 5th step
???
Height of the 6th step
???
Height of the 7th step
???
Height of the 8th step
???
Height of the 9th step
???
Height of the 10th step
???
Height of the 11th step
???
Width of the steps
0.15 m
0.14 m
Additional Data
Chambers No.1 and No.2 are the same size, and their side walls and corbelled ceilings are built of large, well-made blocks of fine white limestone.
Horizontal corridor No.2.
Height
1.36 m
1.3 m
Length
3.15 m
3.16 m
3.19 m
Width
1.06 m
1.04 m
1.04 m
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Additional Data
The north end of the corridor begins in the southwest corner of chamber No.1.
The corridor opens from the south to chamber No.2 at a distance of 2.61 m from the western wall of the chamber at floor level.
Chamber No.2.
Height
12.31 m
12.31 m
12.31 m
Length
8.34 m
9.3 m
8.36 m
8.37 m
8.37 m
Width
3.65 m
3.6 m
3.65 m
3.63 m
3.66 m
Casing Material
Fine limestone
Fine limestone
Type of Ceiling
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Corbelled
Number of Steps
11.0
11.0
Height to 1st step
3.57 m
3.57 m
Height of the 1st step
0.9 m
0.91 m
Height of the 2nd step
0.81 m
0.91 m
Height of the 3rd step
0.75 m
0.76 m
Height of the 4th step
???
Height of the 5th step
???
Height of the 6th step
0.8 m
Height of the 7th step
0.7 m
Height of the 8th step
???
Height of the 9th step
???
Height of the 10th step
???
Height of the 11th step
???
Width of the steps
0.13 m
0.15 m
Additional Data
The chambers No.1 and No.2 are the same size, and their side walls and corbelled ceilings are built of large, well-made blocks of fine white limestone.
Horizontal corridor No.3.
Height
1.88 m
1.05 m
Length
7.37 m
7.29 m
Width
1.05 m
1.05 m
Casing Material
???
Additional Data
The floor of the corridor from the north begins in chamber No.2 at a height of 8.6 m, at the same distance from the western and eastern walls of the chamber. The ceiling of the corridor is at a height of 9.64 m. The corridor from the south comes into chamber No.3 at a distance of 7.3 metres from the western wall of the chamber itself.
The entrance to the corridor is located at the southern end of the chamber No.2, and at a height of 7.71 m (25 ft. 3.5 in.) (it is not an original, but later deepened floor) from the original floor. The passage, goes south, till chamber No.3.
Entrance to the corridor is in the southern wall of chamber No.2 at a height of 7.5 m.

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